It is well known that the lens of the eye inverts the image projected onto the retina (i.e., on the backs of your eyeballs, everything in the world is upside down!). For hundreds of years, people attempted to solve this problem. But is it really a problem? Tell whether you believe retinal image inversion should be a serious topic of scientific investigation, and justify your answer with historical examples.

Several philosophical efforts to understand the mind predated modern scientific psychology. Briefly outline the history of these philosophical approaches. Organize your answer using a time line (e.g., move from the ancient Greeks to the Dark & Middle Ages and then to the Renaissance), and in each period concentrate on what you believe to be the single most important fact or idea that characterizes that era.

"Determinism vs. Nondeterminism" is a classic problem with important implications for cognitive psychology. First, define the terms determinism and nondeterminism. Second, choose the position you favor and explain why you prefer it. Lastly, summarize the implications of your position for cognitive psychology.