The worldwide organization of the Communist International argued that Russia should be the leader of the colonized and economically backward countries which they said had been by and for the rich capitalist nations.

Yielding as early as possible in the face of crisis, he established the first or parliament, representing peasants and landlords, but allowing workers only scant representation.

In the rise of the Bolsheviks to power, Lenin operated under the slogan of " , Land, Bread."

Lenin's death in 1924 ushered in a bitter power struggle, from which Joseph Stalin emerged triumphant over (last name), the organizer of the Red Army and promoter of the idea that a technologically backward country could leap frog many stages of economic development.

In the 1930s Stalin had thousands executed after sham trials. Millions more were imprisoned in a nationwide network of prison camps later called the .

In the 1920s industrial production increased by two-thirds and the (huge holding companies or conglomerates) came to control much of the Japanese economy.

Following Japan's defeat in World War II the prewar industrial conglomerates were abolished but re-emerged in the form of which were less restrictive, and they allowed more scope for the start-up of new companies.

A famous episode of industrial pollution occurred in which killed forty-three and maimed many others as a result of mercury poisoning.

Changes in Japanese lifestyles were identified among those who were thirty or younger. This "new breed," , seemed less devoted to work and more interested in consumption and individualism than their parents.

In the late 1990s the Asian economy faced a major crisis after the collapse of Thailand's currency. One reason was that Asian internal financial systems were not , that is, not open to external analysis and evaluation.