__________ is a convenient and powerful method for testing the likelihood that the population means represented by two groups are equal.

The t test can be conceptualized as a signal-to-noise ratio in which the _________ represents the difference between the two means.

The "noise" in the signal-to-noise ratio is represented by the __________ in the t test.

Two groups are said to be __________ when the results in one group are not influenced by the results in the other group.

The t value necessary to reach a particular p level __________ as the degrees of freedom increase.

To examine the practical significance of an obtained t value, one needs to calculate the __________.

If one wanted to define the effect size in z -score-like terms, one would use __________ as the index of effect size.

One might use a stronger experimental treatment if one wanted to __________ as a strategy for optimizing the t test.

When the means between two groups that are related in some way, one should use the __________ formula.

The assumption __________ should not be seriously violated if one wants to be certain that the p values are not off and the effect size is not inflated when one is using the t test.