Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue
Objectives
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Astronaut Susan Still seems to enjoy the experience of zero gravity during weightlessness training with astronaut candidates,
but the situation is less than ideal for her bones and muscles. Our bones and muscles work together. Under weightless
conditions, bones are not stressed by the weight of the body, and muscles no longer work to oppose the force of gravity. "What
you don't use, you lose," and prolonged weightlessness results in a loss of bone and muscle mass. Because this loss can be
potentially dangerous on return to normal gravity, astronauts in orbit have exercise periods with workouts to stress their muscles
and prevent or reduce the loss of muscle mass. This chapter addresses two related questions: How do muscles work, and how
does exercise—in space or on Earth—affect strength and endurance?
CHAPTER OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE AND THE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- 1. Describe the characteristics and functions of skeletal muscle tissue.
ANATOMY OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
Organization of Connective Tissues
Blood Vessels and Nerves
Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level.
3. Explain the unique characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers.
4. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere.
CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
The Sliding Filament Theory
The Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity
FOCUS: The Contraction Cycle
Relaxation
Length-Tension Relationships
5. Identify the components of the neuromuscular junction and summarize the events involved in the neural control
of skeletal muscles.
6. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber.
MUSCLE MECHANICS
Tension Production
Energetics of Muscular Activity
Muscle Performance
7. Compare the types of muscle contractions.
8. Describe the mechanisms by which muscle fibers obtain the energy to power contractions.
9. Relate the types of muscle fibers to muscle performance.
10. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance, and explain their implications for muscular performance.
AGING AND THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- 11. Describe the effects of aging on muscles.
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEMS
- 12. Give examples of interactions between the muscular system and each of the other organ systems.
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
Differences between Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Tissues
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Differences between Smooth Muscle Tissue and Other Muscle Tissues
13. Identify the structural and functional differences among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells.
14. Discuss the role that smooth muscle tissue plays in systems throughout the body.