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Chapter 23
Chemistry and Life: More about Organic, Biological, and Medicinal Chemistry
23.0.2UN
Title
 Reactions of alkanes
Caption
 Alkanes are not polar and do not react with aqueous acids, bases, or oxidizing agents.
Keywords
 alkane, reactivity, nonpolar
23.0.4UN
Title
 Bonding in alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
Caption
 The difference in reactivity between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes reflects differences in structure. Ethene and ethyne are more reactive than ethene because they contain delocalized pi bonds. These bonds are accessible to electrophilic agents.
Keywords
 alkane, reactivity, organic chemistry,
23.1a.d
Title
 Some electrophilic substitutions reactions of benzene
Caption
 Examples of electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene include (a) halogenation, (b) nitration, (c) sulfonation, and (d) alkylation.
Keywords
 benzene, reactivity, alkene, organic chemistry
23.1.06UN
Title
 Reactivity of portions of ketone 2-octanone
Caption
 Because ketone 2-octanone contains several different types of chemical groups, it has the possibilty of entering into several types of reactions.
Keywords
 functional group, organic chemistry, electrophilic, nucleophilic
23.2
Title
 Molecular model of an SN2 reaction; 1-propanol to 1-iodopropane
Caption
 The I- ion displaces OH2 as a water molecule in the second step of the conversion of 1-propanol to 1-iodopropane.
Keywords
 sn2, substititution, reaction, organic chemistry
23.2.24UN
Title
 Triglyceride structure
Caption
 Glycerol is substituted with three fatty acids to form a triglyceride. In the case of glyceryl tristearate, all three of the substitutions are with stearic acid. The mix triglyceride has three diferent fatty acids.
Keywords
 fatty acid, oil, organic chemistry, biochemistry, triglyceride
23.2.27UN
Title
 Phospholipid structure
Caption
 Phospholipids are built from substitution of glycerol with 2 fatty acid "tails" and one phosphate "head". The phosphate group can be further substituted to make various types of phospholipids. Here, an ethanolamine group is attached to the phosphate, yeilding phosphotidyl ethanolamine.
Keywords
 membrane, biochemistry, glycerol, phospholipid, fatty acid
23.2.26UN
Title
 A cell membrane
Caption
 As shown in this schematic diagram, a cell membrane is a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules with cholesterol and proteins embedded in it. some of the protein molecules provide channels through which
Keywords
23.3a,b
Title
Caption
 (a) The three-dimensional structure, and (b) a Fischer projection. n l
Keywords
23.3.01UN
Title
Caption
 D configurations in 4 common hexoses; glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose
Keywords
23.41,2
Title
Caption
 Note that the O atom on C-5 in the folded model is much nearer the carbonyl carbon than is the O atom on C-5 in the extended model. n l
Keywords
23.5
Title
Caption
 three disaccharidesmaltose; lactose; sucrose
Keywords
23.6
Title
Caption
 Structural formulas and molecular models. n l
Keywords
23.6.5UN
Title
Caption
 Proteins- alpha carbon atom; carboxyl group; amino group
Keywords
23.7
Title
Caption
 the tertiary structure of a protein
Keywords
23.8
Title
Caption
 The sugars found in nucleic acids.
Keywords
23.8.1
Title
Caption
 phosphate ester groupphosphoric acid + ribose to phosphate ester
Keywords
23.9
Title
Caption
 heterocyclic bases found in nucleic acids; purine bases and pyrimidine bases
Keywords
23.10
Title
Caption
 the backbone of a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule
Keywords
23.11a,b
Title
Caption
 (a) A schematic representation. Two strands of DNA are wound around each other in a double helix. Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases hold the strands together. (b) A space-filling model of the DNA molecule. n l
Keywords
23.12
Title
Caption
 the pairing of bases in the DNA double helix; adenine, guanine
Keywords
23.13a.d
Title
Caption
 DNA replication
Keywords
23.14
Title
Caption
 Transfer RNA (tRNA) single strand doubles back on itself forming 3 loops ; valine
Keywords
23.15
Title
Caption
 Protein synthesis visualized, from DNA through mRNA and tRNA to protein
Keywords
23.16
Title
Caption
 The essential components that comprise the spectrometer are (1) a source of radiation for the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum required; (2) a monochromatorÑa device (shown here as a prism of glass, quartz, rock salt, or other suitable material) that disperses the incoming radiation into a spectrum; (3) a slit that allows the desired narrow wavelength band to pass while other wavelengths are screened out; (4) a detector that responds to the power or intensity of the radiation striking it by producing an electric signal of a proportionate magnitude; (5) a recorder that plots the strength of the electric signal; peaks occur at wavelengths of the radiation absorbed, and the heights of the peaks indicate the quantity of radiation absorbed. l
Keywords
23.17
Title
Caption
 A hypothetical functional group of three atoms is attached to a larger molecule, and the different modes of vibration are illustrated. Two different modes of stretching (top) and the bending mode (bottom) are shown. l
Keywords
23.18
Title
Caption
 The absorption peaks due to OH and CH stretching frequencies are labeled. n l
Keywords
23.19
Title
Caption
 The absorption peaks due to CH and CO stretching frequencies are labeled. n l
Keywords
23.20
Title
Caption
 The spectrum was taken on a sample formed into a KBr pellet. The absorption peaks due to NH, two kinds of CH (aromatic and alkyl), and CO stretching frequencies are labeled. n l
Keywords
23.21
Title
Caption
 absorbance vs. wavelength; ultraviolet spectrum of 1,3-butadiene
Keywords
23.22
Title
Caption
 Styrene is the monomer from which polystyrene plastics (see Chapter 24) are made. The p electrons of the benzene ring are conjugated with those of the double bond in the side chain. n l
Keywords
23.23a,b
Title
Caption
 (a) In the absence of a strong external field, nuclear spins are oriented at random. (b) In the presence of a strong applied field, there are only two possible orientations. Some nuclear spins are aligned in the direction of the field (red) and some are aligned in the opposite direction (blue). Those with spins in the direction of (parallel to) the applied field are in the lower energy state. l
Keywords
23.24
Title
Caption
 the NMR spectrum of toluene, there are only two signals
Keywords
23.25
Title
Caption
 NMR spectrum of ethylbenzene
Keywords
23.26
Title
Caption
 The b-lactam ring is shown in red. Amoxicillin was the most widely prescribed drug in the United States in 1988, but the development of resistant bacterial strains has caused a dramatic decline in its use.
Keywords
23.26.1UN
Title
Caption
 Active Enzyme and Inactive Enzyme
Keywords
23.26.2UN
Title
Caption
 B-Lactamase
Keywords
23.26.21RE41 A.CC
Title
Caption
 Molecular model of 3-chloropentanoic acidCH3CH2CHClCH2COOH
Keywords
23.26.22RE41 D_FC
Title
Caption
 Molecular model of 3,5-dimethyl-1-octyne, HC=CCH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3
Keywords
23.26.37RE93
Title
Caption
 molecular model of 1,5-pentanediol HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
Keywords
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