Alphabetical Glossary

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target-based expectancies
expectations about a person based on his or her past actions, such as expecting someone to go to the beach on vacation because he or she has always gone to the beach in the past

task-contingent rewards
rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well we do that task

task-oriented leader
a leader who is concerned primarily with getting the job done and less so with the feelings of and relationships between the workers

taxonomy of success and failure attributions
the types of internal and external attributions we can make about a person's performanceÑfor example, success or failure

testosterone
a hormone associated with aggression

Thanatos
according to Freud, an instinctual drive toward death, leading to aggressive actions

theory of reasoned action
a theory holding that the best predictors of a person's planned, deliberate behaviors are that person's attitudes toward specific behaviors and his or her subjective norms

thought suppression
the attempt to avoid thinking about something we would just as soon forget

tit-for-tat strategy
a means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial

triangular theory of love
the idea that different kinds of love consist of varying degrees of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment

two-factor theory of emotion
the idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it; if they attribute the arousal to an emotional source, they experience that emotion (e.g., if people attribute their arousal to someone pointing a gun at them, they experience fear)

Type A versus B personality
a personality typology based on how people typically confront challenges in their lives; the Type A person is typically competitive, impatient, hostile, and control-oriented, whereas the Type B person is typically more patient, relaxed, and noncompetitive; numerous studies show that Type A people are more successful in life but also more prone to coronary heart disease